A Pennsylvanian’s View of Fort Stedman

In honor of the 150^th Anniversary of the Battle of Fort Stedman, I’m posting a short letter written by a survivor of that engagement. It was written by Israel Lauffer, a twenty-one-year-old son of a Westmoreland County deacon. During the closing months of the war, Lauffer enlisted in Company K, 211^th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry, becoming a member of Brigadier General John F. Hartranft’s division, which included six Pennsylvania regiments. After Lt. Gen. John B. Gordon’s Confederates seized the fort during the morning hours of March 25, it fell to Hartranft’s men to retake the position. Forming up in darkness, the Pennsylvanians made their way to the breach, formed into a massive line-of-battle. Surging forward in the open, they took Confederate fire, although they did not suffer heavily. They performed a valuable task, helping to end the last offensive ever undertaken by the Army of Northern Virginia.

Private Lauffer’s letter describes the battle quickly, but accurately. His estimation of the number of Confederate casualties is a pretty close guess—a surprise given that Lauffer was only an enlisted man. I find his description of the wounded men trapped inside Fort Stedman particularly interesting, as well as his propensity to plunder corn bread and buttons from the dead.

Camp of the 211^th Reg’t., P. V.

Near Hancock Station, Va.

March the 26^th, A. D. 1865.

Dear Parents:

Brothers and sisters, I[,] this Sabbath morning[,] once more take the pleasure of writing you a few lines to inform you that I am still spared and have good health. I will now inform you of a battle which was fought yesterday, from half past eight o’clock until half past ten o’clock, in the forenoon. The rebels came on our pickets early in the morning and told them that they were coming into our lines. They soon had the pickets taken without firing a shot. They rushed on two of our forts and took them and some prisoners. We left our camp at daylight and had about five miles to march. We run about one-half of the way, as the rebels were fast making their way for the railroad. Our regiment was drawn in line and the 205^th on our left and the 207^th on our right. This made our brigade. When we were ordered on we went about half way to the forts which had been taken and then fixed our bayonets, and all gave a yell, and the ‘Jonnies’ broke from the forts like sheep, and the stars and stripes were once more placed on the fort. The name of this fort is Fort Steadman. This is the fort that our regiment took. The name of the other I don’t know. These forts and the rebel fort are only about 200 yards apart. Our batteries poured the grape into the forts while the rebels were in them, which soon made them scatter. The shells were flying fast and the minnie balls whizzed past our heads, but the loss in our regiment was very small. I got through without a scratch, and Andrew Wineman and Josiah Maxwell the same. The rebel loss in killed, wounded and prisoners is about 3,000—most prisoners. As soon as we got to the fort about 1,000 prisoners came in with their flag. They told us to go on[,] that we were all right. They said they had been marched about 12 miles the night before. I got a piece of their corn bread. It is corn meal mixed with water and only dried. It was a hard sight to see when we got in the fort. Some had their legs torn off by shells, some shot in the breast, others through the head and almost every place a person can think of. I only saw 5 or 6 of our men inside the fort that were killed. They didn’t get any of our guns. We stayed in the fort until about half past four o’clock, when we went back to camp. This morning I feel all right except my legs are a little tired. I will close, hoping to hear from you soon. I will put a button in this letter, which I got off a dead rebel at the fort.

Israel Lauffer

After writing this letter, Lauffer did not have live long. On April 2, he participated in the 9^th Corps attack against Fort Mahone. He was killed in action and buried on the field. Certainly, for the remainder of his short life, he must have remembered his division’s epic counterattack against Fort Stedman, a perfect demonstration of “two o’clock in the morning courage.”
 

Here is Israel Lauffer photographed prior to his enlistment.

This painting by Sidney King depicts the retaking of Fort Stedman. In this image, the viewer is looking west toward Petersburg. Hartranft's men are charging in the foreground.

 

This map depicts the mid-morning attack rendered by Hartranft's Division. The 211th Pennsylvania held the middle of the line.

This is Pvt. Israel Lauffer, photographed in uniform.



 

“I Guess the Tables are Turned.”

Few Civil War soldiers had the distinction of capturing 300 enemy soldiers by themselves. Indeed, the thought is almost unthinkable. Yet, late in the war, one young Union captain found himself in that position, capturing an entire Confederate regiment at the Battle of Fort Stedman.

Here’s how it happened.

At 4:15 A.M., March 25, 1865, Lt. Gen. J. B. Gordon’s Confederates tore a hole through the Union defenses east of Petersburg, seizing Fort Stedman and several adjoining batteries, numbers X, XI, and XII. The Confederates’ success did not last for long. Although Gordon’s 10,000 soldiers had penetrated Union lines, they were somewhat bewildered by their own triumph and failed to continue the assault. Ideally, they should have advanced to the U.S. Military Railroad—which was only one mile ahead of them—and if they had done so, they might have cut off the Union supply line to Petersburg’s western front. However, in the rising sunlight, the assault failed to regain its momentum.

This delay enabled quick-thinking Union commanders to mount a counterattack, one that retook the entrenchments only a few hours after the initial breakthrough. The most significant riposte came from Brig. General John Hartranft’s 3^rd Division, 9^th Corps, a unit of six brand new Pennsylvania regiments. Roused from their bivouacs in the pre-dawn darkness, Hartranft’s 9,000 men suited for battle, retaking Fort Stedman and the surrounding earthworks by mid-morning. In addition to the Pennsylvanians, two additional 9^th Corps regiments attacked the Confederate breach from the south: the 100^th Pennsylvania and the 3^rd Maryland Battalion. Both of these units had been stationed at nearby Fort Haskell, repelling two brigades of rebel soldiers that tried to widen the rupture.

Twenty-three-year-old Captain Joseph Franklin Carter commanded the 3^rd Maryland Battalion, a unit of Baltimore veterans that had been with the Army of the Potomac through many of its toughest engagements. Carter’s Marylanders aided in the retaking of Fort Stedman and spent much of the late-morning rounding up prisoners as the smoke cleared. Carter, however, claimed the largest capture, accepting the surrender of some 300 Confederates.

Capt. Joseph F. Carter commanded the 3rd Maryland at Fort Stedman. In 1891, he received the Medal of Honor.

This map depicts the Union counterattack at Fort Stedman. Carter's regiment, the 3rd Maryland Battalion, advanced from Fort Haskell (to the south) while Brig. Gen. Hartranft's division attacked from the east. Note the mystery Virginia regiment standing on the road near the covered way.

As the Union emblem once more floated triumphantly above the parapet at Fort Stedman, Carter spied a Confederate unit to the northeast. Somehow, one gray-clad regiment had gone ahead with the plan to seize the U.S. Military Railroad; it was the only rebel unit with enough cohesion to attempt such a brave act. Following an old wagon road, the regiment passed over a Union covered way and then descended into ravine. As it did so, the 9^th Corps artillery opened fire on it, causing the regiment to seek cover. (The identity of this regiment is a bit of a mystery. Carter later claimed that it was the 51^st Virginia, but no such regiment participated in the attack. Most likely, it belonged to Brig. Gen. James A. Walker’s brigade. It was either the 13^th, 31^st, 49^th, 52^nd, or 58^th Virginia.) Sensing an opportunity to take the whole unit while it was ensconced in its hole, Carter called for his men to follow him, and with sword in hand, he rushed for the ravine.

Comically, Carter made his advance all on his own. His men were too busy rounding up prisoners and did not notice that their commander had given them orders to follow him. Likewise, Carter made no attempt to look behind him to see if any of his soldiers had heard. He remembered, “I did not notice their absence, but kept right on.” Coming to the bank of the road—which was ten-feet high—he looked down upon the cluttered Confederates and parlayed with their captain, entreating with him to surrender.

“Well, where are your men?” came the reply.

Carter looked behind him. He recalled, “Then came a surprise on my side. Looking back of me I made the embarrassing discovery that I was alone. Surely this was a tight fix to be in, but there was no other way out of it except by strong argument and explanation.”

Undaunted, Carter told the Confederates that he did not need his men to execute the capture of all 300 of them. They were in a ditch and could not escape it, lest they risk getting pummeled by the 9^th Corps artillery on nearby Dunn’s Hill. This logic made sense to the Confederate captain in command, and he ordered his men to thrown down their arms. Nearly all of them did so; however, a stubborn Confederate lieutenant, a color-bearer, and five other men decided to ignore those instructions and began walking west, back toward Confederate lines.

Realizing that he could not let these seven men ignore the orders to surrender, as it might set a precedent for the others, Carter accosted them, demanding that they relinquish their flag.

The Confederate lieutenant called Carter’s bluff. He said, “I’ll be damned if I’ll give you that flag! And furthermore I want to tell you that you are my prisoner. Give me your gun!” The six-man color-guard raised their guns, and as Carter explained it, they “made a most expressive show of resistance.” Carter was not unmindful of how quickly the tables had turned on him. He wrote:

Here I was in a pretty mess. The rebel guns were raised at my head. If I pulled my trigger [on my pistol] I would sound my own death-knell. Surrounded by rebels, beyond the help of my own troops, it would have been folly to carry the bluff farther, so I made a virtue out of necessity and handed the lieutenant my gun. And thus I, who only a few minutes ago had captured a whole regiment, was made a prisoner myself. All my arguing as to him and his men being cut off brought only the curt reply, ‘Come along, we’ll see.’

Carter’s Confederate captors marched him toward Confederate lines, but they did not make it over the Union breastworks. As the party approached the Union earthworks from the east side, the captors seemed unsure of their location. This delay helped Captain Carter. He saw three Union soldiers from the 100^th Pennsylvania walking leisurely by at a distance of sixty yards. Calling over to them, he shouted, “Boys, I am a prisoner here!” The amused Pennsylvanians came over on a run, saying, “All right, Captain, we’ll save you.” Turning to the Virginia lieutenant, one of them said, “Lieutenant, what say you now? I guess the tables are turned. You are our prisoner.”

Crestfallen, the Confederate lieutenant said nothing but, “I surrender.”

Gleeful, Carter grabbed the enemy flag and ran with it back to the Confederate regiment still trapped in the road cut. To get the Union artillerists to cease fire, Carter tried to get their attention by waving his sword at them. This caused him to drop the Confederate banner and trample it underfoot. The following account by Carter completed the narrative:

Throwing down the flag, I trampled upon it and waved my sword over my head. This had the desired effect. Our men rested their guns, but on the other hand my action had been watched by the Confederates from their works about 200 yards away. Incensed at the indignity to their colors they poured a most terrific fire in our direction, rendering our position as critical as before. I finally picked up the colors from the ground and started on a dead run with my prisoners for our works, being forced to go for sixty yards towards the enemy, and expose myself to their concentrated fire, before I reached the cover of our own works. The rebel regiment was shortly afterward brought in as prisoners by Hartranft’s men.

This is the only artistic depiction of Carter's action. It shows him stepping on the Virginia regiment's banner, while waving his sword at nearby Union artillery. There are a few inaccuracies in Carter's uniform and Dunn's Hill (the rise in the background) should not be so steep.

 

Here, I've mapped out the movements of Capt. Carter during his attempt to capture the mystery Virginia regiment. At this point, Union troops have retaken the earthworks around Fort Stedman. The 9th Corps artillery was off the map to the northeast.

 

Carter wrote this account many years after the war. His after-action report, which he completed two days after the Battle of Fort Stedman, he said nothing about the incident, except that he had taken an enemy flag. Carter’s modesty did not endure forever, and in the last decade of the nineteenth-century, he applied for a Medal of Honor, citing his actions at Fort Stedman as sufficient reason for recognition. On July 9, 1891, the War Department awarded him a Medal of Honor for “Captur[ing] the colors of the 51^st Virginia Infantry (C.S.A.). During the battle he was captured and escaped bringing a number of prisoners with him.” At the time, he was forty-nine-years-old.

As delighted as Carter was to receive the award, he never made any claim that he had captured the mystery Virginia regiment single-handedly. Indeed, his account made it abundantly clear that he owed everything to the soldiers from the 100^th Pennsylvania who rescued him when he was temporarily captured by the Virginia color-guard. Further, Carter he pointed out that the 9^th Corps artillery on Dunn’s Hill had done the hard work, forcing the enemy regiment into hiding. Carter just happened to be the first one to approach the Confederate captain and request his surrender.

This story speaks to a universal truth about war. In general, war heroes rarely complete their acts of valor without a helping hand, and Carter’s account demonstrated that he benefited from plenty of assistance. Additionally, the confusing circumstances of battle caused the tables to turn minute-by-minute. At one point, Carter was the captor, then the captive, and then the captor again. The tables turned rapidly. In a general sense, that is the story of Fort Stedman.